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Introduction

Factors Influencing the Appearance of Teeth

Natural Color of Teeth – The Shade of a Clean Tooth

Chromogens On and In Teeth – Definitions and Origins

Variations in Observed Tooth Discoloration in Aging Patients – Impact on Whitening Commercialization

The Basics: How we see color

Removal of Extrinsic Stains

Decolorization of Stains: Mechanisms of Oxidative Tooth Whitening

Tooth Whitening – Approaches 

Ingredients used in Oxidative Whitening

Concentration of Ingredients Used in Oxidative Whitening

Dose of Ingredients Used in Tooth Whitening

Duration of Treatment – Retention of Ingredient (contact time)

Design Principles for Oxidative Tooth Whitening – Factors Affecting Efficacy

Design Principles for Oxidative Tooth Whitening: Factors Affecting Soft Tissue Tolerability

Design Principles for Oxidative Tooth Whitening: Factors Affecting Dentinal Hypersensitivity

Design Principles for Oxidative Tooth Whitening: Factors Affecting Safety to Hard Tissues and Restorations

Design Principles for Oxidative Tooth Whitening: The Addition of Light

In Office Treatment

Mouthguard/Tray-Based Bleaching

Strip Based Systems

Paint on Whitening - Pens & Applicators

Emulsions

Toothpaste, Mouthrinse & Tooth Gels

Design Principles for Oxidative Tooth Whitening – Delivery Vehicles – Types of Products 

Key Considerations for the Evaluation of Clinical Studies for the General Practitioner

Summary

References/Additional Resources

How Whitening Works

Glossary of terms